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New session has begun in ANPH0002007FA_Room3.

Time: Sun Nov 11 19:56:49 2007

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*+**** Robin-- entered ANPH0002007FA_Room3. Time:Sun Nov 11 19:56:49 2007

*+**** Instructor-- entered ANPH0002007FA_Room3. Time:Sun Nov 11 19:59:56 2007

*+**** Batman-- entered ANPH0002007FA_Room3. Time:Sun Nov 11 20:00:01 2007

Instructor >>Hi .....I'm Dr. Allen-Chabot, the nutrition program coordinator and your chat leader for the evening. How are you?

Batman >>Great and how are you?

Robin >>good and you

Instructor >>Good....hard to see the Redskins lose and the Cowboys win today....but I'm getting over it.

Robin >>I'm still not over it haha

Batman >>Especially since the Redskins were in the lead

Instructor >>a killer game for sure.....

Robin >>they always lose in the end

Instructor >>yea...it sure feels that way

Instructor >>Any topics you want me to focus on this evening?

Batman >>Nothing specific

Robin >>anything really...haven’t been able to study yet..spent the last week moving from FL to MD

Instructor >>Wow....that’s a task!

Robin >>yes it was!

Instructor >>Okay.....lets start with module 6...proteins

Instructor >>what element do proteins have that is not present in carbs and lipids?

Batman >>nitrogen

Robin >> nitrogen'

Instructor >>good....and what are proteins made of...long strings of compounds called ________ ____________

Batman >>amino acids

Instructor >>right....and what are the subgroups in an amino acid?

Robin >>essential

Instructor >>(some amino acids are essential and some are not)

Instructor >>think about the name "amino acid"......you can identify two subgroups right there

Batman >>do you mean the amino group and the acid group and the side chain?

Instructor >>right....and the central carbon with a hydrogen attached. Good

Instructor >>when it comes to amino acids......what does "essential" mean

Robin >>body cant made adequate amounts

Batman >>is not made in the body

Robin >>so we must get them in food

Batman >>yes

Instructor >>right...good......so what would happen if your diet was completely lacking in an essential amino acid? How would the body respond?

Instructor >>need some help??

Batman >>it would show a deficiency?

Instructor >>yes....could your body make proteins if an essential amino acid was missing?

Batman >>no, not if they were a part of that particular protein's recipe

Instructor >>right....

Instructor >>so what would happen to the amino acids you ate if your body couldn't use them to make proteins because an essential amino acid was missing?

Robin >>become indispensable?

Batman >>oh, they would be stored as fat

Instructor >>right....the amino group would be removed and the carbon skeleton would be used for energy or stored as fat.

Instructor >>then.....what would happen to the body when you couldn't make the proteins you need.......well...all sorts of bad things! You name it!

Instructor >>make sense?

Batman >>yes

Instructor >>okay...so tell me what will happen to the amino group once it is removed from the amino acid?

Batman >>it is converted to nitrogen and then to urea by the liver and then excreted in urine

Batman >>oops - I mean converted to ammonia

Instructor >>the nitrogen is already present...as NH2 and then once removed from the amino acid, it picks up a hydrogen (NH3) to become ammonia....and then as you say...the ammonia is converted to urea in the liver and then sent back into the blood to be picked up by the kidney and excreted

Instructor >>right....I see you caught your error

Instructor >>where do the amino acids in the cells come from.....two places

Instructor >>one place is obvious right.....

Batman >>from the diet and from the breakdown of other proteins?

Instructor >>good....so from the food we eat and from the breakdown of proteins that are no longer functional or needed

Instructor >>where is the "recipe' for how to make the proteins your body needs?

Batman >>in the DNA in the cell's nucleus

Instructor >>right.....what information does the DNA have regarding protein synthesis?

Batman >>genes which contain the "recipes" for specific proteins

Instructor >>what information is the "recipe"....

Instructor >>it tells the body what about a protein??

Robin >>on how to make a given protein

Instructor >>in other words....which amino acids to use and where in the chain they will go to make a protein

Robin >>make mRNA

Instructor >>okay....so how does that information get to the ribosome where the protein is made

Instructor >>okay...so mRNA is made to transport that info from the nucleus to the ribosome

Batman >>on the mRNA

Instructor >>then...what happens to allow amino acids in the cytosol of the cell to come to the ribosome as needed?

Robin >>instructions are read at the ribosome

Robin >>and appropriate amino acids are brought together

Robin >>and attached using peptide bonds

Instructor >>how are they brought together

Instructor >>what compound shuttles amino acids to the ribosome?

Batman >>the tRNA brings the required amino acids to the mRNA

Robin >>mRNA

Instructor >>good....and as stated, they are then linked together using a peptide bond.

Instructor >>so mRNA takes info from DNA to ribosome and tRNA shuttles amino acids from the cytosol to the ribosome

Instructor >>Okay...lets move on to module 7....

Instructor >>What is the most satiating nutrient ...the one that makes you feel most full?

Batman >>protein

Instructor >>good.....

Instructor >>how do we measure the kcalories that a food contains?

Robin >>bomb calorimeter

Batman >>bomb calorimeter?

Instructor >>good....and then how do we measure the amount of kcalories a person uses??

Robin >>amount of oxygen take in by a person

Batman >>indirect calorimetry

Robin >>and amount of carbon dioxide given off

Instructor >>good...

Instructor >>what is metabolism?

Robin >>chemical reaction that enable organisms to maintain life

Batman >>chemical reactions to maintain life

Instructor >>yes...it refers to the breakdown of nutrients for energy and related activity.

Instructor >>where are the nutrients broken down for energy...for the most part? Where in the cell

Batman >>mitochondria

Instructor >>good.....why can't fatty acids be used to make glucose?

Batman >>Acetyl CoA cannot be converted to pyruvate and then to glucose

Instructor >>right...we can convert fatty acids to acetyl CoA just like we can convert glucose to acetyl CoA via pyruvate.....but the reverse pathway...acetyl CoA to pyruvate is not possible

Instructor >>when we make fatty acids...we start with what compound?

Robin >>sorry im slacking...i still have a lot of studying to do

Instructor >>no problem.....this will help you when you get ready to study

Batman >>Acetyl CoA?

Robin >>yes that’s what i'm hoping

Instructor >>so fatty acids are made 2 carbons at a time.....starting with Acetyl CoA.....good

Instructor >>when you are feasting....what happens to the extra carbohydrate you eat?

Robin >>stored as glycogen in liver

Batman >>initially stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

Instructor >>good...and if I don't need any more glycogen

Robin >>glucose to TGs

Instructor >>right

Batman >>then excess will be stored as triglycerides in adipose cells

Instructor >>and what about the extra fat that I eat??

Robin >>stored in fat cells

Batman >>stored as tg's in adipose cells

Instructor >>good...and what about the extra protein you eat?

Robin >>converted to tg's and stored as fat

Batman >>stored as tg's in fat cells after nitrogen is removed

Instructor >>quite right....

Instructor >>so I want you to share all this important information with everyone at thanksgiving dinner. :-)

Robin >>haha

Instructor >>now...what if you are fasting for 10 hours.....how will your body get the energy it needs?

Batman >>I know, it will make eating that food a little more difficult!

Batman >>it will initially use glycogen stores

Instructor >>and fat along with it.....so it will simultaneously use fat stores and glycogen stores

Robin >>fat broken in glycerol and fatty acids and then metabolized for energy

Instructor >>right...and glycogen --> glucose ---> energy

Instructor >>

Instructor >>good...now what if the fast continues for 3 days...what changes?

Batman >>glycogen is used up

Instructor >>yes...no glycogen available

Instructor >>what will the body use......

Robin >>stores are gone

Batman >>proteins will be broken down for glucose

Robin >>protein broken

Batman >>fats will be broken down too but without carbs they will make ketone bodies

Instructor >>right...fat will be broken down for energy and proteins will be broken down so some amino acids (the glycogenic ones) can be converted to glucose

Instructor >>why is glucose needed....you have plenty of fat for energy??

Instructor >>what organ really wants glucose (not fat) for energy

Robin >>brain and cns use it

Batman >>the brain and cns need glucose?

Instructor >>right!

Instructor >>and as you mention....ketones will also be produced which is a less than healthy state of affairs

Instructor >>Okay.....what does BMI tell us?

Robin >>body mass index

Instructor >>which is what exactly

Batman >>measure of weight as it relates to height

Robin >>yes

Instructor >>right...and changes in BMI can predict changes in body fat in which type of individual?

Robin >>non athlete

Instructor >>(note I say "predict" because it is not a direct measure of body fatness)

Batman >>not athletes

Instructor >>right...the sedentary or lightly active person.....which is most people

Instructor >>A high BMI suggests an increased risk for a number of diseases....what other measure can we use to assess risk (besides direct measures of body composition)

Batman >>abdominal fat?

Instructor >>right!

Instructor >>That is actually probably a better predictor of risk than BMI...at least that is what the latest research suggests

Instructor >>okay..on to module 8

Instructor >>how are vitamins classified?

Robin >>soluble and non

Robin >>fat or water

Batman >>by their water solubility

Robin >>I mean

Instructor >>good..soluble in water and soluble in fat or lipid

Instructor >>what are some similarities in vitamins and minerals

Batman >>both are micronutrients

Instructor >>good

Robin >>don’t provide energy but required for health

Instructor >>good

Instructor >>good...what about some differences

Robin >>organic and inorganic

Robin >>vitamins are compounds

Batman >>vitamins are composed of organic compounds

Instructor >>good...be specific though...vitamins= organic and minerals = inorganic

Robin >>minerals are groups of elements

Batman >>minerals are elements

Instructor >>good...vitamins are compounds and minerals are individual single elements

Instructor >>which has a couple of nutrients that can be made in the body

Batman >>vitamins

Robin >>vitamins

Instructor >>right...good....

Instructor >>what is the precursor form of vitamin A that is found in plants

Robin >>carotene

Batman >>beta carotene

Instructor >>good..beta-carotene

Instructor >>what are the three active forms?

Batman >>retinol, retinal and retinoic acid

Robin >>retinol

Instructor >>good....and where do we find the active form.....in what foods

Robin >>yeah what u typed

Batman >>meats

Robin >>plant

Instructor >>yes...animal products

Robin >>oops read that wrong

Instructor >>if a person's diet analysis says they are consuming 655% of the RDA for vitamin A.....would that be too much?

Batman >>yes

Instructor >>hmm...it would depend....on which form they were eating it in......right? Which form is toxic at that level?

Batman >>preformed vit a

Instructor >>right....good.

Instructor >>so if its a vegetarian...no worries.

Batman >>just orange!

Instructor >>What is vitamin A's role in the body?

Instructor >>(right...and not a pretty orange..)

Robin >>cell division

Robin >>and differentiation

Batman >>cell differentiation

Instructor >>good...cell division and cell differentiation

Batman >>vision

Robin >>essential for vision

Batman >>reproduction

Instructor >>good...night vision and overall health of the cells of the eye

Batman >>bone health

Robin >>needed for immunity

Instructor >>good...reproduction, bone health and immunity.....good list

Batman >>epithelial tissues

Instructor >>Did you know that if you put high amounts of retinoic acid in the water that tadpoles are living in.....they can grow four legs and other extra parts......because cell division is promoted excessively

Batman >>that's a little scary!

Robin >>yes weird

Robin >>I would want to try that on people

Robin >>wouldn’t

Robin >>I mean I cant type today

Instructor >>no.....but there have been cases where less dramatic things have occurred to offspring of women who took too much vitamin A when they were pregnant.

Instructor >>I insisted that my prenatal vitamins were at least 50% beta-carotene.

Instructor >>what is Xerophthalmia

Batman >>blindness from lack of vit a

Instructor >>quite right....hopefully this will be a thing of the past in twenty years.....since everyone should be able to get enough vitamin A via food or supplements.

Instructor >>okay...good progress on a review...we will tackle other topics on Tuesday night.....any other questions before we call it a night?

Robin >>that’s it...just have a lot of studying to catch up on. thanks

Batman >>no, I think I am ok.

Batman >>thank you!

Instructor >>good then....thanks so much for attending...and those that read the transcripts than you as well

Robin >>good night

Batman >>good night!

Instructor >>good night......good luck on the test

Robin >>thanks

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*-**** Robin-- left ANPH0002007FA_Room3. Time:Sun Nov 11 20:59:03 2007

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Session in ANPH0002007FA_Room3 ended (all participants have left).

Time: Sun Nov 11 20:59:03 2007

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